ABSTRACT
Resumo O estudo analisa a elaboração de respostas para o enfrentamento da pandemia da COVID-19 na América Latina. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com base em análise de documentos, dados e medidas políticas adotadas ou anunciadas entre março e dezembro de 2020 em 14 países latino-americanos. A análise compreendeu a apreciação de teor, conteúdo e abrangência das medidas políticas para contenção e mitigação sanitárias e para a reorganização dos serviços de saúde identificadas nos sites governamentais. Complementarmente, incluiu-se indicadores quantitativos demográficos e relativos à situação epidemiológica e resultado do Sringency index. No geral, as respostas dos países latino-americanos foram heterogêneas, apesar de multisetoriais, caracterizando a complexidade e diversidade decisória frente à pandemia. Conclui-se que ainda há muito a refletir sobre as consequências das fragilidades normativas para a consecução das necessidades multidimensionais durante crises sanitárias.
Abstract The study analyzes the development of responses to address the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. It is a descriptive study based on an analysis of documents, data, and policy measures adopted or announced between March and December 2020 in 14 Latin American countries. The analysis included assessment of the content, tenor, and scope of policy measures for containment and mitigation, health care, and reorganization of health services identified on government websites. In addition, quantitative demographic indicators were included, as well as those related to the epidemiological situation and the result of the Stringency index. In general, the responses of Latin American countries were heterogeneous, albeit multisectoral, characterizing the complexity and diversity of decision making when confronting a pandemic. The conclusion drawn is that there is still a great deal to reflect upon with respect to the consequences of regulatory weaknesses for the achievement of multidimensional demands during health crises.
ABSTRACT
With the continuous development of nuclear energy, more and more people live around nuclear power plants. However, they generally lack basic knowledge of nuclear radiation and know little about protective actions against nuclear accidents. Timely and correct protective actions can minimize the harm of nuclear power plant accidents to public health. This paper introduces the public protective actions after the nuclear power plant accident: sheltering, decontamination of body surface contamination, evacuation, stable iodine prophylaxis, food and drinking water control, personal protective measures, pet care and psychological support, to guide the public to carry out protection actions correctly and improve the public's emergency response ability during the nuclear power plant accident.
ABSTRACT
Every influenza pandemic in history would end up with disastrous outcomes on mankind,of which the most notorious one was the "Spanish flu" pandemic in 1918.In the past century,with advanced knowledge on influenza viruses,laboratory technologies and surveillance methods,human beings were not as helpless when facing the influenza pandemic.In order to control the outbreaks and reducing the negative impacts,programs as:setting up and improving the influenza pandemic preparedness and response plan were recognized as important issues on early detection or prompt warning of any influenza virus strain that might lead to potential pandemics.The scheduled and planned control measures towards the pandemic preparedness and response plan had been considered of key importance in mitigating the peak of pandemic or controlling the transmission of virus.Since the "1918 influenza pandemic",we had reviewed the evolution and development of plans regarding the preparedness and response on influenza pandemic issued by both WHO and China.We also emphasized on the variety of strategies which were linked to the preparedness and response at different historical stages,to provide reference for the pandemic preparedness of the disease,in the future.
ABSTRACT
Every influenza pandemic in history would end up with disastrous outcomes on mankind,of which the most notorious one was the "Spanish flu" pandemic in 1918.In the past century,with advanced knowledge on influenza viruses,laboratory technologies and surveillance methods,human beings were not as helpless when facing the influenza pandemic.In order to control the outbreaks and reducing the negative impacts,programs as:setting up and improving the influenza pandemic preparedness and response plan were recognized as important issues on early detection or prompt warning of any influenza virus strain that might lead to potential pandemics.The scheduled and planned control measures towards the pandemic preparedness and response plan had been considered of key importance in mitigating the peak of pandemic or controlling the transmission of virus.Since the "1918 influenza pandemic",we had reviewed the evolution and development of plans regarding the preparedness and response on influenza pandemic issued by both WHO and China.We also emphasized on the variety of strategies which were linked to the preparedness and response at different historical stages,to provide reference for the pandemic preparedness of the disease,in the future.
ABSTRACT
Infectious disease control and prevention in Korea are handled based on laws such as the Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety and the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act. To fill the gaps in the national public health system that were identified during the 2015 Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in Korea, Korea has strengthened its capacity to prepare for and respond to public health emergency. The objectives are to prevent, promptly detect, and rapidly respond to imported infectious diseases; to fully mobilize public health and medical resources; to revise governance enhancing the role of the centralized decision-making structures; and to improve health care facilities to prevent health care-associated infections.
Subject(s)
Civil Defense , Communicable Diseases , Coronavirus Infections , Delivery of Health Care , Disasters , Emergencies , Jurisprudence , Korea , Public HealthABSTRACT
The role of air travel in rapid translocation of infectious disease is indisputable.1 The global health community has long been concerned about the movement across borders of vaccine-preventable diseases, tuberculosis and other diseases of public health concern. These concerns escalated following the September 2001 terrorist attack and the anthrax bioterrorism incident in the United States of America; the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; and the reemergence of H5N1 avian influenza soon thereafter, which stoked fears about the possibility of a severe influenza pandemic. To better prepare and coordinate countries to respond to all-hazards health emergencies at their borders, in the past 10 years the global public health community has formed numerous domestic and international alliances.
ABSTRACT
The term and concept of emerging infectious diseases (EID) has been burgeoned out in the early 1990s and EID were expected as the most important public health problems of all of countries and global community as a whole. EID have been confirmed as the most important health and security problems when the global community has been experienced a lot of outbreaks of EID including avian influenza in Hong Kong (1997), Nipah encephalitis in Malaysia and Singapore (1999), and anthrax bioterrorism in U.S.A. (2001), and SARS outbreaks in global community (2003). Pandemic influenza could be a big disaster in global community in the near future in the situation of the occurrence of H5N1 avian influenza and it's human cases in southeastern Asian countries. This paper described the EIDs in terms of two epidemiologic transition theories, and described the important EID in global community since 1970s and reviewed the remarkable emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in Korea since 1990. Seven factors contributing to EID and the convergence model for EID were introduced. In conclusion, the preparedness and response plan of public health authority the role of epidemiologist was suggested. Especially the cooperative activities between epidemiologists and other field or sector's professionals were emphasized to find out the etiology or risk factors of EID and preparedness and response plan.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anthrax , Asian People , Bioterrorism , Communicable Diseases, Emerging , Disasters , Disease Outbreaks , Encephalitis , Hong Kong , Influenza in Birds , Influenza, Human , Korea , Malaysia , Pandemics , Public Health , Risk Factors , SingaporeABSTRACT
Nos últimos anos, tem havido uma maior preocupação internacional com a disseminação ou propagação de agentes etiológicos e doenças, de natureza infecciosa, química e radionuclear. Visando adequar os conceitos e as medidas para evitar ou reduzir o risco dessa disseminação, foi adotado pelos países o novo conceito de emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional, no âmbito do RSI (2005), e implementadas novas estratégias para preparação e resposta a essas emergências. Com base em análise de risco contextualizada sobre eventos de saúde que podem se disseminar internacionalmente, busca-se contar com instrumentos mais oportunos que permitam a identificação e a atuação precoce sobre esses eventos. A adaptação desse conceito, para o propósito da vigilância em saúde e rede de atenção dos serviços de saúde nacional, tem permitido um melhor gerenciamento dos eventos de saúde que constituem risco de disseminação ou propagação de doenças ou agravos dentro do território nacional, além de oferecer uma resposta mais oportuna. A análise sobre esses eventos, realizada no presente trabalho, indica que a ocorrência de desastres ambientais, em número mais reduzido quando comparada com os eventos de natureza infecciosa, coloca em situação de risco a população ou gera danos à saúde em um contingente populacional maior. Por sua vez, os eventos de natureza infecciosa, que em sua maioria ocorrem sob a forma de surtos ou epidemias, acometem um maior número de municípios e apresentam maior letalidade. As medidas adotadas no país para aperfeiçoar o sistema de vigilância em saúde na detecção, preparação e resposta às emergências de saúde pública são descritas neste artigo e são destacados os principais desafios colocados pelos níveis de gestão do sistema.